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El saldo presupuestario, a veces denominado también saldo presupuestario público, se calcula como la diferencia entre los ingresos de un gobierno (impuestos y producto de la venta de activos) y sus gastos. A menudo se expresa como proporción del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB). Si el saldo es positivo, el gobierno tiene superávit (gasta menos de lo que ingresa). Si el saldo es negativo, el gobierno tiene un déficit (gasta más de lo que recibe). El saldo presupuestario en porcentaje del PIB se utiliza como instrumento para medir la capacidad de un gobierno para hacer frente a sus necesidades de financiación y para garantizar una buena gestión de las finanzas públicas.
Este gráfico muestra Saldo fiscal (% del PIB) para Oriente Medio y África del Norte, Asia del Sur, Principales economías, América Latina, Zona euro de 2010 a 2021.
Saldo presupuestario (% del PIB) Datos
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afganistán | 1.7 | -1.0 | -2.2 | - | - |
| Albania | -1.6 | -1.9 | -6.7 | -4.5 | - |
| Alemania | 1.9 | 1.5 | -4.3 | -3.7 | - |
| Andorra | 2.7 | 2.3 | -3.0 | -2.3 | - |
| Angola | 2.3 | 0.8 | -1.9 | 3.8 | 2.7 |
| Antigua y Barbuda | 0.0 | -1.2 | -3.8 | - | - |
| Arabia Saudí | -5.5 | -4.2 | -10.7 | -2.3 | 2.5 |
| Argelia | -6.8 | -9.6 | -12.0 | -7.2 | -12.3 |
| Argentina | -4.9 | -3.8 | -8.4 | -3.6 | -3.8 |
| Armenia | -1.6 | -0.8 | -5.1 | -4.6 | -2.2 |
| Aruba | 1.9 | 4.1 | -11.0 | -5.3 | - |
| Australia | -0.6 | 0.0 | -4.3 | -6.5 | - |
| Austria | 0.2 | 0.6 | -8.0 | -5.9 | - |
| Azerbaiyán | 5.5 | 8.9 | -6.7 | 4.1 | - |
| Bahamas, Las | -0.8 | 0.8 | -4.2 | -9.3 | - |
| Bahrein | -11.8 | -9.0 | -17.9 | - | - |
| Bangladesh | -4.1 | -5.4 | -4.8 | -3.6 | - |
| Barbados | 3.4 | 6.2 | -1.0 | -0.9 | 1.0 |
| Bélgica | -0.9 | -1.9 | -9.0 | -5.6 | - |
| Belice | -0.7 | -3.3 | -11.3 | - | - |
| Benín | -1.4 | 1.1 | -2.7 | -3.5 | - |
| Bhután | -1.3 | -0.2 | -1.2 | 1.2 | - |
| Bielorrusia | 4.0 | 2.6 | -1.7 | 0.5 | - |
| Bolivia | -8.1 | -7.2 | -12.7 | -9.3 | - |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina. | 1.7 | 1.4 | -4.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| Botswana | -5.0 | -8.5 | -11.1 | -2.6 | -1.5 |
| Brasil | -7.0 | -5.8 | -13.3 | -4.3 | -4.7 |
| Brunei | -3.6 | -9.7 | -15.8 | -8.0 | - |
| Bulgaria | 1.7 | 2.1 | -3.8 | -3.9 | - |
| Burkina Faso | -3.3 | -2.2 | -4.3 | -4.5 | - |
| Burundi | -5.1 | -4.1 | -3.6 | -1.3 | -4.0 |
| Cabo Verde | -0.1 | 0.6 | -6.5 | - | - |
| Camboya | 0.7 | 3.0 | -3.5 | -5.9 | - |
| Camerún | -2.4 | -3.2 | -3.2 | -2.4 | - |
| Canadá | 0.4 | 0.0 | -10.9 | -4.4 | - |
| CdI | -2.9 | -2.3 | -5.6 | -5.0 | -5.3 |
| Chad | 3.0 | 0.8 | 3.0 | -0.6 | - |
| Chile | -1.7 | -2.9 | -7.3 | -7.7 | 1.1 |
| China | -4.1 | -4.9 | -6.2 | -3.8 | -4.7 |
| Chipre | -3.6 | 1.3 | -5.8 | -1.7 | - |
| Colombia | -3.1 | -2.5 | -7.8 | -7.1 | - |
| Comoras | -1.3 | -4.1 | -0.3 | - | - |
| Congo | 0.4 | -1.8 | -1.2 | - | - |
| Corea | 1.6 | -0.6 | -3.7 | -1.5 | - |
| Costa Rica | -5.7 | -6.7 | -8.0 | -5.0 | -2.5 |
| Croacia | -0.1 | 0.2 | -7.3 | -2.6 | - |
| Cuba | -8.1 | -6.2 | -17.7 | -11.7 | - |
| Dinamarca | 0.8 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 3.7 | - |
| Dominica | -16.7 | -6.2 | -5.7 | 7.6 | - |
| EAU | 1.1 | 0.4 | -5.2 | 2.1 | 7.7 |
| Ecuador | -4.7 | -3.5 | -7.1 | -1.5 | - |
| Egipto | -8.9 | -7.5 | -7.3 | -6.8 | -6.1 |
| El Salvador | -2.5 | -2.9 | -10.4 | -5.9 | - |
| Eritrea | 5.7 | 2.4 | -2.8 | -2.6 | 0.2 |
| Eslovaquia | -1.0 | -1.2 | -5.4 | -5.5 | - |
| Eslovenia | 0.7 | 0.6 | -7.7 | -4.7 | - |
| España | -2.6 | -3.1 | -10.1 | -6.9 | - |
| Estados Unidos | -3.9 | -4.7 | -15.4 | -12.3 | -5.5 |
| Estonia | -0.6 | 0.1 | -5.5 | -2.4 | - |
| Etiopía | -2.5 | -2.8 | -2.8 | -3.1 | - |
| Fiji | -1.8 | -0.8 | -4.7 | -9.7 | - |
| Filipinas | -3.1 | -3.4 | -7.6 | -8.6 | -7.3 |
| Finlandia | -0.9 | -0.9 | -5.5 | -2.7 | - |
| Francia | -2.3 | -3.1 | -9.0 | -6.5 | - |
| Gabón | 2.2 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 0.9 | - |
| Gambia | -2.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | - | - |
| Georgia | -0.8 | -1.8 | -9.3 | -6.0 | -3.0 |
| Ghana | -6.8 | -7.3 | -15.3 | -11.4 | -9.2 |
| Grecia | 0.9 | 1.1 | -9.9 | -7.5 | - |
| Grenada | 6.6 | 6.8 | 3.2 | 2.1 | - |
| Guatemala | -1.9 | -2.2 | -4.9 | -1.2 | - |
| Guinea | -0.3 | 0.2 | -2.4 | -1.2 | - |
| Guinea Ecuatorial | 1.2 | 2.7 | -0.4 | 3.7 | - |
| Guinea-Bissau | -4.1 | -2.8 | -8.1 | - | - |
| Guyana | -1.9 | -2.0 | -7.3 | -6.7 | - |
| Haití | -1.0 | -2.1 | -2.4 | -2.5 | - |
| Honduras | -2.1 | -2.5 | -7.0 | -5.1 | -1.3 |
| Hong Kong | 3.4 | -1.7 | -8.6 | 1.3 | -7.9 |
| Hungría | -2.1 | -2.0 | -7.5 | -7.1 | - |
| India | -3.5 | -4.7 | -9.6 | -6.6 | - |
| Indonesia | -1.8 | -2.2 | -6.1 | -4.6 | -2.4 |
| Irán | -1.6 | -4.5 | -5.8 | -4.3 | -4.2 |
| Iraq | 7.9 | 0.8 | -12.8 | -0.8 | - |
| Irlanda | 0.1 | 0.5 | -5.0 | -1.7 | - |
| Islandia | 0.9 | -1.5 | -9.1 | -8.4 | -4.3 |
| Islas Marshall | 2.8 | -1.5 | 2.7 | 1.0 | - |
| Islas Salomón | 1.4 | -1.2 | -2.2 | - | - |
| Israel | -2.9 | -3.6 | -11.3 | -4.4 | 0.6 |
| Italia | -2.2 | -1.5 | -9.5 | -7.2 | - |
| Jamaica | 1.2 | 0.9 | -3.1 | 0.8 | - |
| Japón | -3.0 | -3.6 | -10.0 | -7.2 | - |
| Jordania | -2.4 | -3.3 | -7.0 | -6.2 | - |
| Kazajstán | -1.2 | -1.9 | -3.1 | -3.0 | -2.4 |
| Kenia | -6.9 | -7.4 | -8.1 | -8.0 | -7.0 |
| Kirguistán | -0.6 | -0.1 | -3.3 | -0.4 | - |
| Kiribati | -1.4 | 3.4 | 4.0 | - | - |
| Kosovo | -2.6 | -2.6 | -7.1 | -0.9 | - |
| Kuwait | -3.2 | -9.6 | -33.3 | - | - |
| Laos | -4.7 | -3.3 | -5.6 | -3.6 | -5.1 |
| Lesotho | -3.4 | -6.1 | 1.8 | -3.2 | -5.3 |
| Letonia | -0.8 | -0.6 | -4.3 | -7.0 | - |
| Líbano | -11.4 | -10.9 | -3.5 | 0.8 | - |
| Liberia | -3.7 | -3.8 | -2.6 | - | - |
| Libia | 9.4 | 11.9 | -22.3 | 11.3 | - |
| Lituania | 0.5 | 0.5 | -7.0 | -1.0 | - |
| Luxemburgo | 3.0 | 2.2 | -3.4 | 0.8 | - |
| Macao | 13.3 | 14.4 | -21.2 | - | - |
| Macedonia del Norte | -1.8 | -2.0 | -8.2 | -5.4 | -4.5 |
| Madagascar | -0.6 | -0.7 | -3.2 | -2.2 | - |
| Malasia | -3.7 | -3.4 | -6.2 | -6.5 | - |
| Malawi | -1.6 | -1.5 | -5.0 | -4.8 | - |
| Maldivas | -3.6 | -5.1 | -20.9 | - | - |
| Mali | -3.9 | -0.7 | -4.2 | -3.6 | - |
| Malta | 2.1 | 0.6 | -9.4 | -7.8 | - |
| Marruecos | -3.8 | -3.6 | -7.6 | -5.6 | - |
| Mauricio | 0.3 | -5.6 | -8.1 | -3.6 | - |
| Mauritania | 4.4 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 2.9 | - |
| México | -2.1 | -1.6 | -2.9 | -2.9 | -3.4 |
| Micronesia, Estados Federados de | 24.5 | - | - | - | - |
| Moldavia | -0.9 | -1.5 | -5.3 | -1.9 | - |
| Mongolia | 2.9 | 1.0 | -9.2 | -3.1 | -0.4 |
| Montenegro | -3.6 | -2.9 | -10.2 | -2.0 | - |
| Mozambique | -5.6 | 0.1 | -5.4 | -3.7 | - |
| Myanmar | -3.4 | -3.9 | -5.6 | -7.8 | -7.8 |
| Namibia | -1.9 | -1.8 | -3.9 | -4.7 | - |
| Nauru | 33.6 | 29.9 | 35.7 | 43.8 | - |
| Nepal | -5.4 | -4.5 | -4.7 | - | - |
| Nicaragua | -4.0 | -1.7 | -2.6 | -1.6 | - |
| Níger | -2.1 | -2.6 | -4.3 | -4.8 | - |
| Nigeria | -4.3 | -4.7 | -5.6 | -6.0 | -6.2 |
| Noruega | 7.8 | 6.5 | -2.6 | 10.0 | - |
| Nueva Zelanda | 1.8 | 2.3 | -7.1 | -1.3 | -2.5 |
| Omán | -7.5 | -7.8 | -17.2 | -3.6 | - |
| Países Bajos | 1.5 | 1.8 | -3.7 | -2.6 | - |
| Pakistán | -5.8 | -7.9 | -7.1 | -6.1 | -7.9 |
| Palau | 6.3 | -0.4 | -9.8 | -16.9 | - |
| Panamá | -2.9 | -2.9 | -10.2 | -6.8 | - |
| Papúa Nueva Guinea | -0.2 | -1.9 | -6.0 | - | - |
| Paraguay | -1.3 | -2.8 | -6.1 | -3.6 | - |
| Perú | -2.3 | -1.6 | -8.9 | -2.5 | -1.6 |
| Polonia | -0.2 | -0.7 | -6.9 | -1.8 | - |
| Portugal | -0.3 | 0.1 | -5.8 | -2.9 | - |
| Qatar | 2.2 | 1.0 | -2.1 | 0.2 | - |
| Reino Unido | -2.2 | -2.5 | -13.1 | -8.0 | -5.3 |
| República Centroafricana | -0.6 | 1.8 | -3.1 | -5.7 | - |
| República Checa | 0.9 | 0.3 | -5.8 | -5.1 | - |
| República Democrática del Congo | 0.0 | -2.0 | -1.4 | -1.0 | -3.6 |
| República Dominicana | -2.3 | -2.3 | -7.6 | -2.5 | - |
| Ruanda | -2.6 | -5.1 | -9.5 | -7.0 | -6.4 |
| Rumanía | -2.8 | -4.3 | -9.2 | -7.1 | - |
| Rusia | 2.6 | 1.8 | -3.8 | 0.4 | - |
| Samoa | 0.1 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 1.7 | - |
| San Cristóbal y Nieves | 2.5 | 0.5 | -1.5 | - | - |
| San Marino | -1.2 | 0.2 | -36.6 | - | - |
| San Vicente y las Granadinas | 1.1 | -0.8 | -3.5 | -4.9 | - |
| Santa Lucía | 1.9 | -0.5 | -8.0 | -2.9 | -2.4 |
| Santo Tomé y Príncipe | -1.5 | 0.6 | 6.3 | - | - |
| Senegal | -3.7 | -3.9 | -6.4 | -6.3 | -6.2 |
| Serbia | 0.6 | -0.2 | -8.0 | -4.1 | -3.3 |
| Seychelles | 2.0 | 3.2 | -13.7 | -2.9 | - |
| Sierra Leona | -2.8 | -0.4 | -2.7 | -4.5 | - |
| Singapur | 0.7 | 0.2 | -10.7 | 0.2 | - |
| Sri Lanka | -5.3 | -9.6 | -11.1 | -12.2 | - |
| Suazilandia | -8.2 | -4.6 | -2.4 | -2.7 | - |
| Sudáfrica | -4.1 | -6.1 | -9.8 | -5.1 | - |
| Sudán | -7.7 | -10.6 | -5.9 | -0.2 | - |
| Sudán del Sur | -0.1 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 4.7 |
| Suecia | 0.8 | 0.6 | -2.8 | -0.1 | - |
| Suiza | 1.3 | 1.3 | -3.1 | -0.4 | - |
| Surinam | -2.5 | -19.0 | -8.4 | -1.3 | - |
| Tailandia | -2.5 | -1.9 | -6.8 | -5.5 | - |
| Taiwán | 0.0 | 0.1 | -1.0 | -0.2 | - |
| Tanzania | -1.9 | -2.0 | -2.5 | -3.1 | - |
| Tayikistán | -2.7 | -2.1 | -4.3 | -0.7 | -2.5 |
| Timor-Leste | -26.3 | -25.1 | - | - | - |
| Togo | 1.2 | 3.6 | -4.6 | - | - |
| Tonga | 3.7 | 3.9 | 6.1 | -0.6 | - |
| Trinidad y Tobago | -5.9 | -3.7 | -11.6 | -9.3 | - |
| Túnez | -4.5 | -3.3 | -9.7 | -7.9 | - |
| Turkmenistán | -0.2 | -0.3 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| Turquía | -1.9 | -2.9 | -3.5 | -2.7 | - |
| Tuvalu | 28.3 | -8.0 | - | - | - |
| Ucrania | -1.9 | -2.2 | -5.3 | -3.4 | - |
| Uganda | -3.0 | -4.8 | -7.5 | -7.7 | -5.5 |
| Uruguay | -2.7 | -3.2 | -5.2 | -3.6 | - |
| Uzbekistán | 2.0 | -0.3 | -3.3 | -4.7 | -4.0 |
| Vanuatu | 7.2 | 3.7 | -1.1 | - | - |
| Venezuela | -30.3 | -10.0 | -5.0 | -4.5 | - |
| Vietnam | -1.0 | -0.4 | -2.9 | -3.5 | -4.7 |
| Yemen | -7.8 | -5.9 | -4.8 | -2.2 | -2.2 |
| Yibuti | -1.6 | 0.4 | -1.6 | -3.2 | -3.0 |
| Zambia | -8.3 | -9.4 | -13.8 | -8.4 | - |
| Zimbabue | -5.4 | -1.0 | 0.8 | -2.3 | -0.2 |
| Zona euro | -0.4 | -0.6 | -7.0 | -5.1 | - |