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El stock de dinero en la economía puede medirse según distintas definiciones. La forma más sencilla de medirlo es utilizar la cantidad de efectivo y reservas mantenidas en el sistema bancario y el efectivo en manos de particulares. Esta definición también se denomina “base monetaria” y puede ampliarse añadiendo más tipos de dinero. Por ejemplo, los depósitos bancarios suelen incluirse en una medida más amplia del stock de dinero en la economía, ya que también se utilizan como medio de pago.
La variación anual del stock de dinero se refiere al aumento con respecto al año anterior. Esto influirá en la evolución de los precios, lo que alterará las percepciones de los consumidores y las empresas sobre los precios futuros y, en consecuencia, el comportamiento del consumo y la inversión. La mayoría de los bancos centrales utilizan el tipo de interés oficial para frenar el crecimiento de la cantidad de dinero disponible en la economía e influir así en los precios. Sin embargo, hay algunos bancos centrales que intentan controlar directamente la cantidad de dinero y dejan que sea el mercado monetario el que determine los tipos de interés.
Este gráfico muestra Dinero (var. anual de M2 %) para Zona euro de 2011 a 2022.
Dinero (variación anual en %) Datos
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | -1.0 | 3.6 | 13.8 | 6.5 | 2.3 |
| Alemania | 4.87 | 4.64 | 8.39 | 5.66 | 4.92 |
| Angola | 20.4 | 30.0 | 24.5 | -9.3 | -1.4 |
| Arabia Saudí | 2.2 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 4.9 | 6.0 |
| Argelia | 11.1 | -0.8 | 7.0 | 13.6 | - |
| Argentina | 22.8 | 29.0 | 78.9 | 59.5 | 67.6 |
| Armenia | 13.2 | 21.5 | 14.8 | 12.8 | 13.4 |
| Australia | 2.4 | 2.4 | 12.7 | 9.4 | 6.5 |
| Austria | 7.9 | 4.4 | 9.3 | 4.8 | 3.0 |
| Azerbaiyán | 17.5 | 24.5 | 11.3 | 17.6 | 23.8 |
| Bahrein | 2.4 | 11.1 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 3.9 |
| Bangladesh | 9.2 | 9.9 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 9.4 |
| Bélgica | 5.02 | 5.11 | 7.94 | 5.06 | 1.69 |
| Belice | 2.7 | 5.8 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 4.7 |
| Bielorrusia | 20.1 | 27.4 | -3.3 | 19.8 | 25.0 |
| Bolivia | 5.4 | -7.5 | 14.1 | 6.6 | - |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina. | 9.4 | 8.9 | 7.3 | 11.6 | 5.5 |
| Botswana | 8.3 | 8.0 | 5.9 | 5.0 | - |
| Brasil | 10.4 | 8.7 | 29.0 | 8.1 | 17.9 |
| Bulgaria | 8.9 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 13.2 |
| Camerún | 10.2 | 11.8 | 12.8 | 17.1 | - |
| Canadá | 5.3 | 7.8 | 18.0 | 8.7 | 3.5 |
| CdI | 13.4 | 10.8 | 21.1 | 18.3 | 9.4 |
| Chile | 10.7 | 10.3 | 4.9 | 12.2 | 2.6 |
| China | 8.1 | 8.7 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 11.8 |
| Colombia | 5.0 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 11.8 | 12.1 |
| Corea | 6.7 | 7.9 | 9.8 | 12.9 | 4.0 |
| Costa Rica | -0.4 | 6.4 | 14.3 | 2.2 | -5.0 |
| Croacia | 9.14 | 6.29 | 11.39 | 13.16 | 10.18 |
| Dinamarca | 3.18 | 5.02 | 10.02 | 0.65 | 9.60 |
| EAU | 2.5 | 8.0 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 9.0 |
| Ecuador | 5.7 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 7.5 |
| Egipto | 13.3 | 13.3 | 19.7 | 18.3 | 27.1 |
| El Salvador | 6.0 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 2.5 | 4.9 |
| Eslovaquia | 6.5 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 7.6 | 1.9 |
| Eslovenia | 7.4 | 7.9 | 12.1 | 8.8 | 8.4 |
| España | 4.02 | 4.73 | 10.72 | 6.04 | 3.56 |
| Estados Unidos | 3.8 | 5.1 | 19.1 | 16.2 | 5.2 |
| Estonia | 10.5 | 9.5 | 19.4 | 20.2 | 1.1 |
| Etiopía | 22.5 | 20.5 | 23.9 | 23.9 | - |
| Filipinas | 8.6 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 8.9 | 7.6 |
| Finlandia | 1.79 | 3.81 | 14.43 | 6.30 | 1.21 |
| Francia | 5.58 | 7.48 | 15.94 | 6.79 | 5.85 |
| Georgia | 15.9 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 17.9 | 22.9 |
| Ghana | 16.1 | 15.8 | 35.1 | 11.9 | 27.8 |
| Grecia | 4.37 | 4.26 | 12.07 | 10.04 | 3.85 |
| Guatemala | 9.4 | 9.8 | 18.7 | 11.6 | 11.1 |
| Haití | 19.2 | 13.7 | 4.2 | 35.5 | - |
| Honduras | 9.4 | 13.7 | 20.4 | 11.0 | 14.5 |
| Hong Kong | 4.3 | 2.8 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 1.6 |
| Hungría | 12.5 | 9.5 | 21.3 | 16.0 | 5.9 |
| India | 14.1 | 11.1 | 16.1 | 10.7 | - |
| Indonesia | 6.3 | 6.5 | 12.5 | 14.0 | 8.4 |
| Irán | 23.1 | 31.3 | 40.6 | 39.0 | - |
| Iraq | 2.7 | 8.4 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 20.2 |
| Irlanda | 5.08 | 15.96 | 21.03 | 8.16 | 5.92 |
| Islandia | 8.0 | 3.7 | 22.5 | 16.4 | 7.5 |
| Israel | 4.6 | 4.4 | 17.6 | 19.9 | - |
| Italia | 2.41 | 5.92 | 10.48 | 7.10 | -0.32 |
| Jamaica | 9.8 | 9.4 | 18.3 | - | - |
| Japón | 2.4 | 2.6 | 9.2 | 3.7 | 2.9 |
| Jordania | 1.2 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 5.5 |
| Kazajstán | 7.1 | 11.0 | 19.2 | 24.1 | 18.0 |
| Kenia | 8.0 | 5.4 | 11.9 | 5.6 | 5.3 |
| Kirguistán | 8.2 | 17.6 | 20.5 | 15.6 | - |
| Kosovo | 6.2 | 2.8 | 50.9 | -5.5 | 8.8 |
| Kuwait | 4.0 | -1.3 | 2.7 | -7.4 | 6.0 |
| Laos | 8.4 | 18.9 | 16.3 | 24.0 | - |
| Letonia | 13.8 | 8.0 | 13.1 | 7.9 | 6.4 |
| Líbano | -3.0 | -17.4 | 6.3 | 17.0 | 47.6 |
| Lituania | 11.4 | 10.4 | 25.8 | 18.4 | 12.5 |
| Luxemburgo | 3.2 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 17.4 | 2.5 |
| Macedonia del Norte | 11.8 | 9.9 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 6.4 |
| Malasia | 8.9 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 4.3 |
| Marruecos | 5.5 | 5.9 | 10.2 | 6.1 | 9.1 |
| México | 5.02 | 5.79 | 11.25 | 9.97 | 9.70 |
| Moldavia | 10.0 | 8.2 | 20.2 | 9.5 | 9.6 |
| Mongolia | 22.8 | 8.2 | 16.2 | 13.8 | 6.5 |
| Myanmar | 14.57 | 15.54 | 18.18 | - | - |
| Nicaragua | -19.7 | 3.2 | 16.1 | 11.9 | 6.6 |
| Nigeria | 12.1 | 6.3 | 31.4 | 17.5 | 16.5 |
| Noruega | 5.3 | 4.2 | 12.1 | 10.4 | 5.6 |
| Omán | 8.3 | 2.0 | 8.9 | 4.6 | 0.6 |
| Países Bajos | -0.45 | 4.99 | 9.63 | 9.12 | 6.29 |
| Pakistán | 11.1 | 12.9 | 17.9 | 14.8 | 10.2 |
| Panamá | 3.0 | 2.5 | 8.0 | -16.8 | 0.2 |
| Paraguay | 6.1 | 7.2 | 19.6 | 6.8 | 1.7 |
| Perú | 8.9 | 9.1 | 37.7 | -4.0 | -32.9 |
| Polonia | 8.8 | 8.7 | 16.9 | 8.8 | 5.3 |
| Portugal | 7.8 | 5.7 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 6.3 |
| Qatar | -6.5 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 17.4 |
| Reino Unido | 3.8 | 3.9 | 14.3 | 6.6 | 3.0 |
| República Checa | 5.6 | 7.0 | 10.7 | 7.0 | 5.0 |
| República Democrática del Congo | 29.3 | 29.3 | 51.5 | 38.7 | -3.4 |
| República Dominicana | 4.5 | 10.4 | 16.0 | 15.3 | 7.0 |
| Ruanda | 11.78 | 20.71 | 13.18 | 13.83 | 21.67 |
| Rumanía | 8.9 | 10.9 | 15.3 | 15.8 | 6.9 |
| Rusia | 11.0 | 9.7 | 13.5 | 13.0 | 24.4 |
| Senegal | 14.15 | 8.22 | 12.34 | 14.50 | 22.47 |
| Serbia | 16.7 | 16.6 | 30.9 | 13.8 | 6.1 |
| Singapur | 3.9 | 5.0 | 13.2 | 2.4 | 1.9 |
| Sri Lanka | 13.5 | 7.6 | 22.9 | 13.5 | 8.9 |
| Sudáfrica | 3.2 | 4.8 | 15.0 | 5.1 | 6.6 |
| Sudán | 13.4 | 10.8 | 21.1 | - | - |
| Suecia | 6.7 | 7.1 | 18.4 | 10.9 | 2.5 |
| Suiza | 3.5 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 1.5 | -3.2 |
| Taiwán | 2.7 | 4.5 | 9.4 | 7.3 | 6.7 |
| Tanzania | 3.76 | 11.76 | 8.23 | 17.61 | 12.15 |
| Tayikistán | 10.0 | 23.1 | 18.8 | 12.3 | 43.4 |
| Trinidad y Tobago | 3.1 | 0.1 | 10.9 | -0.1 | 2.1 |
| Túnez | 7.2 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 9.0 |
| Turquía | 20.2 | 25.6 | 35.6 | 52.2 | 62.3 |
| Ucrania | 5.4 | 12.7 | 28.7 | 12.0 | 20.8 |
| Uganda | 7.0 | 16.4 | 18.6 | 5.8 | 8.3 |
| Uruguay | 10.5 | 5.7 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 7.2 |
| Venezuela | 63,257.3 | 4,945.6 | 1,286.8 | 635.2 | 354.2 |
| Vietnam | 12.4 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 10.7 | - |
| Zambia | 15.4 | 12.2 | 47.2 | 6.7 | 21.0 |
| Zimbabue | 28.43 | 249.44 | 485.17 | 131.79 | 392.74 |
| Zona euro | 4.42 | 5.75 | 10.86 | 7.00 | 4.06 |